If liberalism’s universal claims are correct as I have been insisting all my life, what am I to make of the fact that Russians, whose culture, unlike say that of Pakistanis, cannot be subtracted from the wider Western one without deforming beyond recognition; who, in their great literature and music, reveal us to ourselves and as much as any other people, defined The Modern™, so steadfastly reject it, the terminus (according to me) of all modernity’s political, social, intellectual and economic progress? Every moment when they might have seized it they turned away. Every cautious step forward met with a giant stride back. Every Russian ‘Jefferson’ faced a Tsar or Lenin or Putin making sure these dreams never got out of the crib. It can’t just be bad luck. Russia is congenitally pessimistic and paranoid for the same reasons Americans are born optimists and dopes. There is just too much blood soaked into Russian earth for real hope to ever bloom there.