Erdogan did not begin as an authoritarian leader. His early years was associated with democratic reforms, and “democratic values”
His later transformation toward increasingly centralised and authoritarian rule was gradual, particularly after 2011 and especially following the 2016 coup attempt.
For a period, they even celebrated him internationally as an example of a new kind of Muslim democratic leader.
But as the years went by, power became increasingly concentrated around Erdogan.
I witnessed the new Erdogan in 2017
He took his nationalism beyond Turkey. By the time Turkey held its 2017 constitutional referendum, power was getting centralized in the country
In 2017, he needed support for a constitutional referendum that would dramatically expand the powers of the presidency. He took his campaigns to Europe.
Germany alone had approximately 2.8 million people with Turkish roots in 2017. His target was Germany and the Netherlands with people with dual citizenship
He sought to mobilise the Turkish diaspora as part of the local struggle but both Germany and Netherlands objected to referendum rallies by the Turkish government
There was this Minister of Erdogan who snuck into Netherlands by force.
Fatma Betül,
she used car to sneak into Rotterdam and was escorted out it the country. It provoked Turkish-Dutch nationals. They came out in large numbers with the Turkish flag about 2000 large
They clashed with police. There was smoke everywhere. I was visiting NL at the time
Erdogan had changed his message from “Turkey can become part of Europe” to “Turkey is strong enough to challenge Europe.
Crazy times then
Turkey is a threat that people should not ignore.
For close to 400 years, the Ottoman Turks had military bases in current day Saudi Arabia where they enforced Turkish rule and military colonised the Arab inhabitants and controlled the Holy lands.
In 1918, the Turks were chased out by Arab nationalists who were given arms and ammunition by the British empire.
After 1920, Turkish rule of Arab lands was over and the Arabs thought that was the end of Turkish hegemony.
Fast forward to 2026, almost 100 years after the expulsion of the Turkish soldiers, the Arabs are now bringing back Turkish military garrisons to Syria, Libya, Somalia and the Arabian peninsula.
Are we witnessing the renaissance of neo-Ottomanism?