Warning: the following may be triggering for some readers.
The Russian military, and the Soviet military before it, has a long record of tolerating rape and abuse of women in territories under its control, in detention, and within its own ranks. Commanders have turned a blind eye to that violence and, in some cases, participated in it themselves.
During the Red Army's advance through Europe in 1944–45, rape occurred on an enormous scale. Estimates for Germany alone reach roughly two million women; one scholarly estimate suggests that as many as one-third of Berlin's approximately 1.5 million women were raped. Soviet troops also committed widespread sexual violence in Romania, Hungary and Austria.
During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Soviet troops were also accused of raping and abducting Afghan women, including during house-to-house searches in Kandahar and Kabul. The reported victims included women from the families of Afghan government officials.
The collapse of the Soviet Union did not end the pattern. During the Second Chechen War, Human Rights Watch documented rape and gang rape by Russian troops in occupied villages. In Alkhan-Yurt, witnesses described soldiers searching houses and cellars for young women. In Novye Aldi, Human Rights Watch received reports of six rapes during a single Russian sweep.
In one notorious case, eighteen-year-old Kheda Kungaeva was abducted from her home in March 2000 by soldiers under Colonel Yuri Budanov, sexually assaulted and killed. Forensic evidence indicated that she had been raped shortly before her death, but Russian prosecutors dropped the rape charge. Budanov was convicted of kidnapping, murder and abuse of office, but no one was prosecuted for Kungaeva's rape. After his release five years later, Budanov was hailed as a hero by sections of the Russian nationalist movement. When he was killed in 2011, he was buried with full military honours.
Ukraine has produced the same pattern with considerably more documentation. By May 2025, the UN had documented 132 women and girls subjected to conflict-related sexual violence attributable to Russian authorities. The abuses included rape, gang rape, sexual assault, forced nudity, sexual torture and threats of sexual violence. These are documented cases, and the true scale is almost certainly considerably higher.
The ages are particularly horrifying. UN investigators have documented sexual violence against women over eighty and children as young as four. In some cases, family members were forced to watch.
These crimes were being reported within weeks of the full-scale invasion. Bucha was under Russian occupation for most of March 2022, and Russian units operating there were subsequently implicated in killings, torture and sexual violence. Among them was the 64th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade under Colonel Azatbek Omurbekov. Putin subsequently awarded the brigade the honorary title of "Guards", and Omurbekov was promoted.
Despite years of documented rape and sexual violence by Russian personnel in Ukraine, there is no evidence of a serious Russian effort to prosecute its personnel for these crimes. That absence of accountability is consistent with the pattern seen in Chechnya.
For many survivors, the violence does not end when the assault ends. They may relive the trauma for years, suffer nightmares, struggle with ordinary tasks, and feel isolated from people who cannot understand what they experienced. In wartime, access to medical care, psychological support, and even basic safety may be severely limited. The soldiers who did this to them have inflicted damage that may follow them for the rest of their lives.
For this and for many other reasons, the Russian army is a vile institution. For decades, women have been raped, tortured and humiliated by Russian soldiers, while commanders have ignored the abuse, protected perpetrators, rewarded implicated units, or committed the violence themselves. There is no honour in serving in the Russian military, and those who voluntarily wore or still wear its uniform should feel nothing but shame.
If Russia refuses to hold the commanders and personnel responsible for these crimes accountable, other states and international courts should. And we should stop treating the Russian military as a normal armed force entitled to the ordinary presumption of professional honour.