ALT Visualization of a tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy scan overlaid with a ball-and-stick diagram of a molecule. The ball-and-stick model sits in the center, with nine atoms–four carbon atoms, three oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms–represented by differently-colored circles that are joined by grey lines representing single molecular bonds. The four carbon atoms (black and labeled C), are joined together with one oxygen atom (red and labeled O) to form a pentagonal ring. Two of the carbon atoms on the left of the pentagon each have a single bond to one of the two hydrogen atoms (grey and labeled H). One additional oxygen atom (red and labeled O) is bonded to each of the two other carbon atoms. The background of the scan image is dark blue, with increasing intensity–ranging through cyan, green, yellow, orange and red–roughly around the positions of the atoms in the ball-and-stick diagram. The highest (red) intensity is in the middle, below the two C atoms bonded to the two H atoms.

ALT Layout of the CIRQLE ion trap chip. The shown sketch has a single storage ring, colored light red, divided into five sections, showing that it has the capacity to hold five qubits. It is connected to two other registers with a junction, depicted by a grey square with a cross. One register, below the junction, colored blue, has two sections, and is labeled “Compute;” the other is to the right of the junction and is colored yellow and has one section, labeled “SPAM.” This ring acts like a carousel with empty or filled spots: it can only transport all stored qubits simultaneously through rotations. Some operations may only move empty spots through the junction. In the example shown, qubits 1 and 4 (shown by blue circles) sit in the storage ring the left of the junction, qubit 3 sits in ‘spam’ to the right of the junction, and qubits 5 and 2 sit in ‘compute’ below the junction. In this configuration, a clockwise rotation of the storage element does not move any qubit through the junction.

ALT A schematic of the work uses an arrow to project points on a high-dimensional parameter space — depicted by a circle intersecting a section of a sphere horizontally with a blue dot indicating a representative point — onto a low-dimensional parameter space — just the circle with the blue dot. Beneath these two images is a representation of the information lost in the projection — which looks similar to the high dimensional space, but with a vertical cut through the sphere instead — along with an arrow pointing back from the low-dimensional to the high-dimensional parameter space, showing what is needed to reconstruct the original point from its projection.

ALT The crystal structure of the superconductor BFCA is shown on the left, with pink balls representing barium, blue representing arsenic, and red representing iron/cobalt. On the right, the scanning tunneling microscope technique is illustrated. A microscope tip, represented as a pink cone, scans over a BFCA layer, which looks like a blue sky with white clouds and red dotted lines around the clouds. The BFCA is on top of a strontium titanate substrate.

ALT A schematic shows how the algorithm converts quantum dynamics into quantum thermodynamics. An input box on the left includes digital state preparation, time evolution, and generalized state measurement. The algorithm then enables the determination of free energy, thermal entropy, and heat capacity.

ALT Schematic of the Pi Convection-Cloud Chamber–a cylindrical volume of 3.14m3, 2 m diameter and 1 m height. The top panel of the cylinder is labeled “cold and humid” and colored blue and is at a lower temperature compared to the bottom panel, labeled “warm and humid” and colored orange, to create convection, depicted by red arrows showing large-scale circulation. Clear and dry air (shown by yellow arrows) is steadily injected into a cloud-filled chamber, through an open pink cylindrical flange sitting at the center of the top panel. There is a purple cube, labeled “aerosol injection system” connected to the left of the cylinder. The number concentration and size distribution of clouds within the chamber are measured using an optical counter, “Palas Welas-2000”–depicted by an orange box connected above the cylinder. Green laser light passes through the pink flange and illuminates a large green roughly triangular region of cloud droplets. A digital camera captures high-resolution images.

ALT Illustration of FF spin SL/H of a rotating compound nuclei–shown as a grey peanut shape with two lobes. The x-, y- and z-axes are drawn through the compound, in purple, with angular momentum LCN depicted by a curved grey arrow, rotating clockwise around the y-axis. Each lobe has two arrows (one light blue and one red) emanating from it, parallel to the y-axis. Light blue axes are labeled SL and SH for the leftmost (light) lobe and the rightmost (heavy) lobe respectively. Inherited spins are denoted by SrL and SrH for the light and heavy fragments, respectively.

ALT A diagram with three people labeled Charlie, Wigner, and Debbie at the top and Alice and Bob in separate labs in the center below them. Alice and Bob choose bits and send qubits to Charlie and Debbie. Above them, superobserver Wigner chooses whether to ask Alice or Bob for their choices or perform a joint PBR measurement on their labs. Charlie and Debbie each choose how to measure their received qubit. The diagram highlights Alice and Bob’s choices as the only information unavailable afterward.