How do we judge our own conduct?
In "The Theory of Moral Sentiments," Adam Smith argued that moral judgment arises through an impartial spectator. By viewing ourselves as others would, we learn to moderate passions, cultivate self-command, and develop a sense of duty.
Building on Smith, Kristen Collins shows that the impartial spectator is not an abstract rule, but a socially formed standard. Moral judgment develops through interaction, habits, and institutions that shape how individuals learn to see themselves from others’ perspectives.