In 2014, Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman in history to win the Fields Medal, awarded every four years to the most exceptional mathematicians under 40. Her work focused on the geometry and dynamics of Riemann surfaces — complex mathematical spaces that describe how curved surfaces can be measured, stretched, and deformed. Mirzakhani's research connected previously separate areas of mathematics including hyperbolic geometry, symplectic geometry, and ergodic theory, solving problems that had stumped mathematicians for decades. Born in Tehran in 1977, she originally dreamed of becoming a writer before discovering her talent for mathematics. She won two gold medals at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1994 and 1995, achieving a perfect score in 1995. She became a professor at Stanford University at 31. Mirzakhani died of breast cancer in 2017 at the age of 40. "The more I spent time on maths, the more excited I got," she once said. Iran's government, which typically requires women to wear hijabs in official images, broke with precedent and published photos of her without one after her death, a rare tribute to her legacy.