Dudzik - The riverine caves, the border lakes, and the condition of the sites
Mark J. Dudzik, of the Office of the State Archaeologist at Fort Snelling History Center in St. Paul, is the author of this reading. The work in hand is “Visions in Stone: The Rock Art of Minnesota,” published in The Minnesota Archaeologist 54 (1995). The paper is adapted from a document prepared for the Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office.
Minnesota’s southeastern rock art sites were generally carved into or painted on soft, fragile sandstone along the Mississippi, St. Croix, and tributaries. At LaMoille Cave Lewis made 43 tracings in 1889 and observed more petroglyphs than had been found at any other point in the Mississippi valley. Recent investigation found the ceiling collapsed. Reno Cave had distinctive glyphs, including two human faces. The petroglyphs have been destroyed, largely by vandalism.
Spring Creek, first reported by Lewis in 1885, was relocated in two sandstone crevices. Many glyphs, including apparent vulva-forms, remain intact despite some vandalism, including a mid-1980s glyph that mimics prehistoric style. The site is under consideration for the National Register.
Dayton’s Bluff petroglyphs in St. Paul have been destroyed. On the lower St. Croix, Stillwater is the only site where pictographs and petroglyphs are reported to have co-occurred.
Iverson pictographs on basalt include an en face bison head above two handprints (a shaman-image?), crosses, circles, and an eclipse-like form. Curtain Falls figures are historic graffiti.
Schoolcraft in 1821 and Nicollet in 1843 noted pictograph sites on diorite near Little Falls. At the two relocated sites, contemporary evidence is no longer apparent.
Northeastern Border Lakes sites lie typically on Precambrian bedrock along lakes and rivers. With two exceptions, all are pictographic.
Nett Lake (Spirit Island) has over 100 petroglyphs sketched by Dewdney, including a form described as a “birth scene.” Access is controlled by the Nett Lake Reservation.
Manitou has zoomorphic and abstract forms. All other recorded Border Lakes sites within Superior National Forest are pictographic.
Hegman Lake includes an anthropomorphic figure, figures in canoes, a canid, and a moose. Dewdney called these the “most photogenic” he recorded. The Office of the State Archaeologist logo is based on this moose.
Crooked Lake has a horned anthropomorph, a “shaman in a sweat lodge,” canoes, birds, and a “sturgeon in a net.” Island River includes the state’s only reported depiction of the manitou Mishipizheu, executed in dark brown pigment. All other recorded pictographs in the state are red ochre.
Function and meaning remain unclear. Sites were revisited, new figures added over thousands of years, and older images likely acquired new meanings. An absolute meaning may be impracticable to recover. Plausible functions include territory markers, archaeoastronomical devices, clan symbols, vision quest, hunting magic, documentation of events or origin myths, mnemonic devices, aesthetic purposes, graffiti, and tool grooves. He notes that “rock art” is something of a misnomer. Salzer’s work at Gottschall and Rajnovich’s on Canadian Shield pictographs are cited as fruitful comparative approaches.
The sites are among the most fragile and poorly documented cultural resources. Virtually all major reported petroglyph sites in the urbanized southeast have been destroyed. Sites of sufficient integrity will generally be eligible for the National Register under Criterion D. Conservation must stress identification by intensive survey and non-destructive documentation. Aggressive techniques must be weighed, case by case, against the risk of total loss. Recent attacks in neighboring states by vandals with concrete saws underscore the need to act. Failure will result in continued, undocumented destruction.
Mark J. Dudzik, “Visions in Stone: The Rock Art of Minnesota,” The Minnesota Archaeologist 54 (1995).
Image 1. Southeastern glyphs as isolated figures. Figure 5, Reno Cave, LaMoille, Stillwater, and Dayton’s Bluff. He notes that depiction in this manner obscures spatial relationships.
Image 2. Spring Creek panels. Figure 6. He notes recent graffiti, including B-1, a mid-1980s glyph that somewhat mimics prehistoric style.
Image 3. The Iverson panel. Figure 7. He reads an apparent shaman-form among the figures. The color is an ochre red.
Image 4. The Hegman Lake panel. Figure 8. Moose, anthropomorphs, and canoes are recurrent images in northeastern Minnesota and adjacent Canada. The Office of the State Archaeologist logo is based on this moose.