Good morning from Virginia. 🇺🇸
On the sixth of October, 1783, in the town of Litchfield, Connecticut, a man sat down and put his name to a piece of paper that asked for nothing less than the exclusive right to sell time that wound itself.
His name was Benjamin Hanks. He was twenty-seven years old, born in Mansfield on the twenty-ninth of October, 1755, the son of a farmer and mechanic named Uriah, and he had already lived more than one life. He had apprenticed under Thomas Harland, the Norwich clockmaker. He had advertised himself in Windham, opposite the courthouse, as a maker of clocks and watches, and of spurs, buckles, and hilts besides. He had taken the Revolutionary side, risen to colonel, married Alice Hovey, and in 1780 moved his household to Litchfield, where he built a house and shop at 39 South Street and went to work.
What he had built, and what he now wished to protect, was a tower clock that wound itself by air.
The machine had already gone to New York. Shortly after the move to Litchfield he had taken the contract for the clock of the Old Dutch Church at Nassau and Liberty Streets, the first public clock in the city, and he had fitted it with a wind attachment so that no sexton need climb the tower with a key. In Litchfield he asked the General Assembly for fourteen years’ sole privilege of making and vending such clocks. The federal patent office did not yet exist. A man went to his own legislature.
He explained the thing in the plain language of the shop. Put the works in a close room with a small inlet. The air inside is thinner than the air outside, and the outside air presses in to restore the balance. That moving air is enough to raise the weights. One good hour of wind, he would later tell the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, through Ezra Stiles of Yale, would lift them for ten days, and seldom did three days pass without the clock standing fully wound. The difficulty was not the wind. The difficulty was the gearing. The weight had to drive the train with the same power while it was rising as while it was falling. Otherwise the clock would stop every time the air tried to wind it.
His petition, dated at Litchfield that October day, has the sound of a man who has spent years at a bench and does not intend to be modest about it. After unwearied trouble, pains, and study, he wrote, not only for his own pleasure but for the benefit of mankind, he had made a clock that would continue of itself until the parts were destroyed by friction, keeping the most regular time of any machine yet invented, because it was ever wound, without variation or stop. He asked their honors to consider the matter.
They did. The right was granted.
He did not rest on it. By 1785 he was advertising church clocks, pneumatic clocks, watches with a center-sweep seconds hand, and surveyor’s compasses. In 1786 he opened a foundry just south of the courthouse and began to cast bells. He is credited with the first bronze cannon made in the country, a pair in 1797 for the First Company of Connecticut Artillery. Bells for meetinghouses. Guns for the militia. Compasses for men laying out new land. And a clock that listened to the wind.
It is worth pausing over the date. Yorktown was two years behind them. The Constitution was four years ahead. In a Connecticut hill town, a colonel who had learned his trade in another man’s shop was measuring the difference between the air in a closed room and the air outside it, and calculating a train of wheels so that a weight could climb and descend without ever letting the hands stand still. He was not waiting on London. He was not waiting on anyone. He was keeping America’s time with the weather that came in through a small hole in the wall.
America 250 🇺🇸