What is recursive about Recursive Self-Improvement (RSI)?
Not every case of AI improving AI is truly recursive. If a model edits some code and humans test the result, the loop repeats - but the loop itself stays the same.
The recursion appears as more parts of that loop become editable:
1. AI improves a model or algorithm.
It modifies code, kernels or training methods. In AI4AI-Bench, agents get several hours to change real training algorithms, which are then trained again from scratch.
2. AI improves how it searches.
It chooses strategies, experiments and where to spend more compute.
3. AI creates useful experience.
It decides what it needs to learn and uses its experiments in the next round.
4. AI adapts the research environment.
It changes the tools and workflows used to produce improvements.
5. AI improves the improvement process itself.
It changes how it searches, experiments and evaluates progress, and uses that new process in the next round.
These levels of autonomy were mentioned in "The Last AI Built by Humans" paper. And "Recursive Criticality" adds another point: even fast, highly automated AI development is not necessarily RSI if parts of the improvement loop remain fixed.
The recursive part is not that the loop runs again. It is that the loop itself becomes something AI can change.
We've made a lot of guides which will give you a real understanding of RSI