New day, same dynamic?
After the Treasury Twist (the US Treasury trying to push long-term rates down) and the Threadneedle Twist (the Bank of England trying to push long-term rates down), the Bank of Japan hiked rates by a split decision but offered a somewhat less hawkish outlook.
As a result, the yen is weakening again. With Warsh keeping all options open and at least one more rate hike penciled in, well, at least by his FOMC colleagues, it is only a matter of time before markets retest the resolve of the US and Japanese ministries of finance.
It is also another signal that both central banks and governments are acutely aware of the impact of higher interest rates on government finances. Because this is the crucial difference from the old normal: debt levels have risen significantly.
In addition, corporate debt levels are increasing again as companies rush to raise capital to finance the AI boom. This undercuts the argument from many experts that debt levels shouldn't be an issue because most of the debt is held by governments, which, unlike corporates, cannot default in their own currency.
Governments and companies are increasingly competing for the same capital, putting upward pressure on yields, exactly what governments and central banks are trying to avoid.
So while bonds look more attractive than a couple of years ago, that does not mean they are now attractive compared with other asset classes. If yields fall because governments and central banks are already forced to use “exotic” measures to steer the yield curve just to prevent a debt-servicing crisis, other assets look much more attractive.
And judging by the price movements over the last couple of days, markets seem to be realizing this as well.
Today, the 30-year UK bond yield dropped 12 basis points.
The reason? The Bank of England announced it will stop selling its longest-maturity UK gilts. £120 billion of bonds maturing in 2049 or later will remain on the central bank’s balance sheet, while £222 billion of shorter-dated gilts will simply mature. That leaves only around £146 billion to be sold gradually over the coming years. In other words, the Bank of England is taking a lot of long-duration supply pressure off the market.
If the objective sounds familiar, it is likely because US Treasury Secretary Bessent has been trying to achieve something similar, but through a different route. The US Treasury sharply increased its buybacks of longer-term US Treasuries, while relying heavily on shorter-term issuance. Different mechanics, same objective: reduce the pressure on longer-term bond yields.
Same dance, different dancer!
Central banks and governments don’t want longer-term yields to rise much further. The message is not that we are in, or heading for, a sovereign debt crisis, at least not yet, but that central banks and governments will go a long way to prevent exactly such a crisis.
So while bonds will generate a positive nominal return after a multi-year bear market, whether that also translates into an attractive real return is far less certain given where inflation is. More importantly, positive real returns alone won’t be enough to reverse the massive relative underperformance against scarce monetary assets like gold and bitcoin.
August in the US and today in the UK showed what can happen when measures like “Treasury Twist” and “Threadneedle Twist” (the Bank of England sits on Threadneedle Street in London) are digested by markets.
Going forward, assuming that bond yields will come down in the not-too-distant future, and I do, the reason why will determine whether bonds can close some of the massive gap in relative performance against basically every other major asset class.
So while I agree that bonds look more attractive than they did some four years ago, when rates were still close to zero, I do not necessarily believe we are going back to the old normal in which bonds structurally offer an attractive return after inflation or reliable diversification within an investment portfolio, let alone outperform scarce assets like gold and bitcoin.