Industrialisation automated physical labour. Machines replaced muscle.
Computing automated information processing. Machines replaced calculation and repetitive information work.
AI is now automating intellectual labour: writing, coding, analysis, research, design, teaching, and increasingly decision-making.
This raises a question we haven't really confronted. What happens to education when machines can increasingly do what we educate people to do?
For a long time we have had an implicit answer to why we educate people:
Education → skills → employability → employment → economic value.
But this isn't how education always worked. Mass schooling is itself an industrial invention. Compulsory, age-graded, standardised education spread in the nineteenth century, pioneered in Prussia, and the university system expanded alongside it. The purpose was practical: an economy mass-producing objects needed a workforce produced the same way.
Just as the objects coming off the line had to be standardised, so did the workers. A standard curriculum, a standard pace, standard credentials, standard ages to enter and exit schooling, so a graduate in one place was interchangeable with another, and companies could recruit them by the thousand.
We have long taken for granted that the reason to educate people is to ultimately employ them. AI may (or will) force us to reconsider that position.
If AI can tutor anyone, on demand, at almost no marginal cost, why should learning happen at a fixed pace, in a fixed classroom, according to a fixed curriculum? If companies need fewer people for intellectual labour, will they still recruit thousands of graduates every year? Does a four-year degree remain the natural unit of education?
Perhaps education in the AI era starts to move in the opposite direction from industrialisation? From mass production back toward individual apprenticeship.
One person learns the design, code and marketing needed to ship an app on their own. Another, the economics, engineering and storytelling to launch a hardware product alone. The unit of learning becomes the project, not the discipline.
The question changes from "what should everyone learn to become employable?" to "what do I need to learn to pursue what value I want to create?"
And this points to a larger economic shift. In the industrial age, the organisation was the primary unit of production. Individuals joined organisations and sold their labour. But what happens when an individual has access to AI systems that provide much of the labour, knowledge and infrastructure that once required an organisation? We may be moving toward an economy where individuals create value directly.
If so, the biggest question for education isn't "how will AI change what we teach?"
It is: "What is an education for, when employment is no longer its primary purpose?"
What is the purpose of higher education in the age of AI?
I had a very candid conversation with my students about pedagogy, universities, and what needs to change.
Sharing it here to hear what others think. The link for the full talk is in the first reply.