ML/AI research engineer. Ex stats professor. Author of "Build a Large Language Model From Scratch" (amzn.to/4fqvn0D) & reasoning (mng.bz/lZ5B)

United States
I put together a mega write-up on GPT-6 Astra & looped transformers. How looped transformers / recurrent depth works, cost-tradeoffs, whether it hides reasoning traces, with lots of figures and a tour of recent looped transformer research.
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Reasoning from scratch, round number 5! This time, talking about log-probability scoring (also a great fundamental concept for loss functions like cross-entropy in pre-training and distillation) and self-refinement. 00:00 Introduction and inference-time scaling recap 05:02 Loading the pretrained LLM 08:00 Comparing and scoring model answers 10:18 Building a rule-based scorer 17:53 Token probabilities and sequence likelihood 26:47 Computing token probabilities in PyTorch 30:12 Token indexing and shifted targets 37:27 Log probabilities and numerical stability 45:57 Scoring answers with average log probabilities 56:24 How self-refinement works 59:07 Generating critiques and revised answers 1:01:00 Implementing the self-refinement loop 1:05:57 MATH-500 evaluation results 1:07:35 Takeaways and next steps
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Sebastian Raschka retweeted
The golden era.
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The main appeal of open-source agent harnesses isn't that they are free, but that we can inspect what they are doing on our computers.
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MiMo-V2.6 is "simply" the best (for now). Despite its simple architecture design it's currently No.1 in the open-weight benchmarks (weighted average). With "simple," I mean a classic Grouped Query Attention (GQA) with Sliding Window Attention (SWA) at a tiny 128-token window size. So, that underlines one of the points I've been trying to make in recent months: most of the progress still comes from the data and post-training recipe improvements. Fancy attention variants are just mostly efficiency tweaks. What are some of the training data improvements and recipe improvements? The MiMo team shared a pretty detailed technical report. Lots to carefully digest there, but in short, there are a few things that stood out: 1. An increase in agent tasks; also training across different harnesses (the average DeepSWE pass@1 accuracy on held-out harnesses improved from approximately 50% -> 66%). 2. Better reward signals: they replaced a simple correctness verifier with an agentic grader that looks at the execution traces as well. 3. Large RL batches (1,568 prompts × 16 rollouts = 25,088 trajectories) and 2.7–3.7 billion training tokens per update (unclear, though, what the predecessor used).
MiMo-V2.6-Pro debuts as the top open weights model on the Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index (46). At $0.13 per Intelligence Index task, it lands on the Intelligence vs. Cost per Task Pareto frontier @Xiaomi has just released MiMo-V2.6-Pro, an open weights model with major advances in intelligence over its predecessor, MiMo-V2.5-Pro (Intelligence Index: 26). Despite the improvement, it retains the same attractive pricing at $0.435 per 1M input tokens (with a 99% cache-hit discount) and $0.87 per 1M output tokens. This makes MiMo-V2.6-Pro one of the most cost-efficient models to deploy. MiMo-V2.6-Pro is an MoE model with 1.02T total parameters and 42B active parameters. Stay tuned for additional analysis of the model. Check out MiMo-V2.6-Pro full benchmarking breakdown here: artificialanalysis.ai
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It’s easy to dismiss Jev it as “just a classifier”. But people (me included) who have been training encoder-style models for classification for many years know they were usually special-purpose and limited in some way. The breakthrough of Jev is that it generalizes well. And I’d say the secret sauce is probably more in the data than in the training algorithm. (Plus a nice API design on top of it.)
poor guy claim to have built Jev a year ago but no one cared, and now Jev stole all the thunder many people are saying “you gotta tell your story” or “marketing is important”, and they just completely missed what actually made the difference here i just looked into this laya model laya.convaiinnovations.com/ and: - it only supports 512-1k context… a lot of use cases won’t fit at all - evaluating the model directly shows its accuracy is as good as a coin flip. in order to get good results, you need to first fine tune it i’m sorry, but that’s not Jev there’s a massive gap between an interesting research and a useful product you can “tell your story” all you like, but you can’t blame Jev for stealing your thunder when Jev did all the work to make a well-packaged solution anyone can just grab and go Jev is not completely new from an academic sense, just like how ChatGPT was not the first LLM don’t underestimate the effort and value in putting together something that’s actually good enough for adoption - it makes all the difference
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Inference scaling part 1. Starting with a modded text generation function (temperature scaling, top-p filtering, multinomial sampling) to generate diverse outputs for self-consistency and best-of-N (improving answer accuracy by>2x) 00:00 Introduction and recap 00:31 Training-time and inference-time scaling 07:52 What we'll implement 11:47 Notebook setup and model loading 17:43 Building a flexible text generation function 24:40 Chain-of-thought prompting 28:26 Sampling and output diversity 33:43 Next-token logits and greedy decoding 38:20 Temperature scaling step by step 42:46 Softmax and token probabilities 47:42 Multinomial sampling 54:51 Adding temperature sampling to text generation 59:31 Top-p filtering step by step 1:10:23 Adding top-p filtering to text generation 1:13:43 Sampling and LLM watermarking 1:16:01 Self-consistency and majority voting 1:20:36 Implementing self-consistency 1:29:02 MATH-500 results 1:35:01 Accuracy and compute tradeoffs 1:36:50 Next steps and self-refinement
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Interesting new insights into the old AdamW vs Muon debate: Muon seems to do better because it reduces memorization.
𝗔𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗪 𝘃𝘀. 𝗠𝘂𝗼𝗻: α, 𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. A quick update on our WeightWatcher experiments comparing AdamW with the newer Muon optimizer. We trained a single-head nanoGPT model with both optimizers across five seeds. We then used WeightWatcher to study the weight-matrix spectra and several forms of memorization. The top plot shows the average raw α. AdamW produces relatively stable α values. Muon is much noisier. Its ESDs vary substantially across layers, which makes α harder to estimate reliably. But the average hides something important: 👉 Individual layers do fall below α = 2. Our spectral/RG theory predicts that this regime can be associated with pathological, example-specific learning. So we tested that prediction directly. We inserted random sequences into the training set and measured whether the model remembered them using exact extraction, token recall, teacher-forced recall, and canary exposure. The result was striking. • AdamW memorized the planted sequences strongly. Earlier in training it reached ~96% exact recall of 32-token canaries. • Muon strongly suppressed this kind of memorization. At 10,000 steps, teacher-forced recall was ~62% for AdamW versus <1% for Muon. There is also a surprise: some Muon layers have α < 2 as well. So α < 2 by itself is not sufficient to explain memorization. This is why we recommend examining individual WeightWatcher layers and their ESDs—not simply average α. Muon appears to suppress memorization while also producing unusual ESDs that make conventional WeightWatcher analysis more difficult. We are now running Muon much longer to understand how these spectra evolve. If you are using WeightWatcher and trying to analyze models trained with Muon, feel free to reach out for help. #talkToChuck 𝗔𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗪 𝘃𝘀. 𝗠𝘂𝗼𝗻: α, 𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. A quick update on our WeightWatcher experiments comparing AdamW with the newer Muon optimizer. We trained a single-head nanoGPT model with both optimizers across five seeds. We then used WeightWatcher to study the weight-matrix spectra and several forms of memorization. The top plot shows the average raw α. AdamW produces relatively stable α values. Muon is much noisier. Its ESDs vary substantially across layers, which makes α harder to estimate reliably. But the average hides something important: 👉 Individual layers do fall below α = 2. Our spectral/RG theory predicts that this regime can be associated with pathological, example-specific learning. So we tested that prediction directly. We inserted random sequences into the training set and measured whether the model remembered them using exact extraction, token recall, teacher-forced recall, and canary exposure. The result was striking. • AdamW memorized the planted sequences strongly. Earlier in training it reached ~96% exact recall of 32-token canaries. • Muon strongly suppressed this kind of memorization. At 10,000 steps, teacher-forced recall was ~62% for AdamW versus <1% for Muon. There is also a surprise: some Muon layers have α < 2 as well. So α < 2 by itself is not sufficient to explain memorization. This is why we recommend examining individual WeightWatcher layers and their ESDs—not simply average α. Muon appears to suppress memorization while also producing unusual ESDs that make conventional WeightWatcher analysis more difficult. We are now running Muon much longer to understand how these spectra evolve. If you are using WeightWatcher and trying to analyze models trained with Muon, feel free to reach out for help. #talkToChuck
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Some food for thought when designing benchmarks... So, here's a little computer-use (visual) comparison between GPT-5.6 Astra and Qwen3.8 Max. The task here was to recreate the image in the center using the Paint UI. Super interesting how the two different LLMs+Harnesses approached this totally differently by default. I.e., Astra tried to approach this by drawing and layering geometric shapes. Qwen approached this pixel by pixel. (Of course, the pixel-by-pixel result looks closer to the original, it's essentially a low-res version of that by nature.) So, the Qwen-generated image would surely score higher in the sense that it's closer to the original. But I wouldn’t conclude from this example that one LLM generalizes better than the other on other tasks. Also, I wouldn't say Qwen has better compute-use capabilities or better visual understanding than Astra. But it highlights an interesting point about how slippery benchmarks are when they only compare final results.
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Since I had to discuss the "pacing" with a lot of people this weekend, here are my two cents: I don't think pacing literally means that these companies will be "slowing down" training and development in any way. "Pacing" here means adding a framework for more checks. We have seen some of that "pacing" already in recent months, when Mythos wasn't released as-is but instead a delayed, nerfed Fable variant was released. Or when Astra wasn't released right away / there is an existing Astra model that hasn't been released yet. These Mythos/Fable and Astra pacing decisions were ad hoc. If you are a company, you have to weigh the pros and cons of a delayed release in terms of keeping up with the competition, making money, pleasing shareholders, mitigating risks and harms, and so on. I f there is a formal framework that everyone has to abide by, that essentially relieves some of the pressure on a company to rush out its model just to take the top spot on the leaderboard, since it knows that the competition "has to" play by the same rules. Based on the discussions today, I think "pacing" primarily means just that, rather than a halt in training the models. TL;DR: Pacing != pacing development.
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Potentially also related to the pacing, since fewer releases = fewer expenses
JUST IN: Anthropic says they’re highly profitable if you take out some of their biggest expenses.
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Also, if mildly regulated, I think there's also a "Sorry that this happened, but we did everything right and followed the framework" kind of incentive that makes this attractive to companies to deflect blame and cope with the anti AI sentiment.
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Reasoning from scratch round 3: This time, I cover generating a verifier for... a) ...evaluation (base model versus any future model improvement) b) ...the reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) training later on 00:00 Introduction 01:21 Four approaches to LLM evaluation 07:20 Verifiers and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards 10:52 Notebook setup and dependencies 13:43 Section 3.1 Building a math verifier 18:57 Section 3.2 Loading a pre-trained model to generate text 24:34 Generating and displaying model answers 29:23 Section 3.3 Implementing a wrapper for easier text generation 34:00 Section 3.4 Extracting the final answer box 37:29 Handling answers without boxes 43:17 Section 3.5 Normalizing the extracted answer 46:56 Section 3.6 Verifying mathematical equivalence 53:32 Implementing the equality check 57:48 Section 3.7 Grading answers 59:20 Building and testing the answer grader 1:03:18 Section 3.8 Loading the evaluation dataset (MATH-500) 1:07:51 Section 3.9 Evaluating the model 1:08:34 Prompt templates for evaluation 1:10:47 Prompt sensitivity and memorization 1:13:55 A minimal evaluation example 1:15:32 Building the evaluation loop 1:20:27 Comparing CPU, MPS, and CUDA results 1:21:54 Reproducibility and floating-point math 1:23:37 Base model vs. reasoning model 1:25:30 Summary and next steps
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Big overhaul on DeepSeek V4.1 using an encoder-decoder setup. Tbh they should have called it DeepSeek V5! Super cool and refreshing, though!
🚀 Introducing DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash: smarter, faster, more efficient. 🔹 Introducing the smallest model in our new architecture family, with native visual understanding. 🔹 Designed for greater capability, faster inference, higher throughput, and scaling to larger models. 1/6
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I know, sorry, but it's hard to resist
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Nice showcase that interesting LLM work can be done on single GPU!
I extended the GPT-2-style code from @rasbt's "Build a Large Language Model (from Scratch)" so that it was a 6-expert (2 active) mixture-of-experts, and trained it from scratch over 8 days. It worked well! Full writeup with maths and code at gilesthomas.com/2026/09/gpt-…
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I put together a mega write-up on GPT-6 Astra & looped transformers. How looped transformers / recurrent depth works, cost-tradeoffs, whether it hides reasoning traces, with lots of figures and a tour of recent looped transformer research.
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