From Grok:
Key limitations that block broad extrapolation
• The sample is not representative. Participants were recruited via a Qualtrics online panel, screened for being men 18–34 who had a sexual encounter with a woman in the prior two years. The final sample was mostly heterosexual, U.S./Canadian, English-speaking, and relatively educated/employed. Online panel respondents are convenience samples with known selection effects (people willing to answer sensitive surveys for compensation), not probability samples of the general population. Authors themselves note limits on generalizability to other ages, cultures, sexual orientations, socioeconomic groups, and non-English contexts, and call for replication.
• Definitions are broad. The 36 strategies came from formative work and range from persistent verbal requests, flattery/deception, and peer involvement to isolation, intoxication facilitation, and physical restraint. Many of the most common ones (repeated asking, saying what she wants to hear) fall into the category of verbal pressure or persuasion that other research treats differently from rape or assault. Prior systematic reviews of college men find average self-reported rates of any sexual perpetration around 25–35% (and lower for rape), with large variation depending on questionnaire wording; non-standardized or broader measures produce higher numbers. Equating the full range here with “sexual force” or “forcing” inflates the figure relative to narrower legal or common definitions.
• Self-report under strong anonymity emphasis. The design stressed complete anonymity and framed the survey as giving men “their side of the story.” Self-reports cannot be verified. The prompt focused on occasions the men themselves viewed as attempts with known reluctance/non-consent and asked about success; authors note this can bias toward reporting completed attempts. Patterns (more verbal/coercive than physical force) are consistent with other work, but the absolute rates are outliers.
• Scale and consistency problems. If nearly all young men in a sexually active sample were routinely succeeding at this with new acquaintances at the reported rates, the implied volume of non-consensual encounters would be extremely large. That sits uneasily with victimization surveys, crime statistics, and other perpetration studies without invoking massive definitional differences or underreporting on every other measure. The study focuses only on no-prior-history encounters, not established relationships.
“All men” is an unjustified leap