✨️ Precision Oncology through Biomarkers: Assessing What Matters Most — Bladder
Syed A. Hussain at
#IUCS26✨️
🟠 Urothelial cancer is highly heterogeneous, not only molecularly but also histologically — and variant histologies may still be underreported in routine practice.
🟠 The treatment landscape has changed dramatically: EV + pembrolizumab in EV-302 produced a major improvement in both OS and PFS versus chemotherapy, establishing a new benchmark in first-line advanced urothelial cancer.
🟠 But the unmet need remains substantial:
• ~50% of patients progress within the first 12 months
• ~10% show primary resistance
• many others eventually develop acquired resistance
• toxicity can also limit continued EV exposure
🟠 This makes resistance biology a central question. Potential mechanisms of ADC resistance are likely multifactorial and may involve:
• instability before the ADC reaches the tumor
• impaired internalisation
• loss or alteration of the target antigen
• epitope masking/mutation
• lysosomal dysfunction
• drug-efflux mechanisms
• intrinsic resistance to the payload
🟠 UC expresses multiple potentially actionable targets, including NECTIN-4, TROP-2, HER2 and FGFR alterations, creating opportunities for increasingly biomarker-informed sequencing.
🟠 Importantly, NECTIN-4 expression is not uniform across histologic variants, reinforcing the need to understand tumor subtype and target biology rather than assuming one biomarker fits all urothelial cancers.
🟠 For immunotherapy, candidate biomarkers such as PD-L1, TMB, CD8+ TILs/IFNγ and TGFβ may capture different aspects of the tumor immune continuum — from inflamed to immune-excluded to immune-desert disease.
🟠 Clinical takeaway: precision oncology in bladder cancer is moving beyond simply asking “Is the target present?” toward asking which target matters, in which tumor subtype, at which point in the disease, and how resistance evolves under treatment.
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#BladderCancer #blcsm #GUOncology #PrecisionOncology #ADC #Biomarkers #UroOnc