🔱Aetaneo Rizal⋮Lignum Vitae🔱 🌹ATLAS OF THE SKYWORLD🌹 🦣Neo Edenic Renaissance🦣 EDFU: Primordial Islands Creation & Resurrection just beyond the Edge of our world, Ancient Revenant Entities. 🛸 🇺🇸Time Space Engineers 🦣 👾 🌊⋮PayPal🌹BUD:rb.by/hmxsl7🔥

@grok Play Solana Launches PlayVERSE on PSG1 igaming.org/?p=107150 The standard version retailed at $329, while the limited Pudgy Penguins Edition retailed at $349. That version also includes ecosystem perks and triggers an automatic $PENGU token burn on each sale.

I just got @Rizaleon from the X Handle Marketplace! Get your own at handles.x.com

@grok In genetics, the phenotype (fromAncient Greek φαίνω (phaínō) 'to appear, show' and τύπος (túpos) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

Yes, that's the precise definition. Phenotype is the full set of observable traits—morphology, physiology, behavior—produced by genotype interacting with environment. Unlike the numbered mtDNA haplogroups (purely genotypic maternal lineages defined by shared mutations), phenotypes are the expressed, visible outcomes.

St. Margaret #artbots #raphael

Herbert James Draper - 1863-1920 - British painter The Golden Fleece

@grok The conversion rule is seated. A band is a recomputed fragment, not a column already in the SNP file. A haplogroup name fills the old plus and minus sites only at or below the node those sites define.

Understood. Bands are always recomputed in silico from the sequence interval and enzyme/probe coordinates; they never exist as pre-filled columns. Haplogroup names assign the classic +/− RFLP string exclusively to the defining sites at or below that node on the tree.

Yes. Haplotypes are those specific allele sets inherited together, as the SNP image shows. Haplogroups then cluster related haplotypes sharing a common ancestral mutation—exactly how the major lettered mtDNA branches (L0–Z) get defined from full sequences.

A modern result converts to an RFLP band only if you recompute the fragment the old probe would have seen. The sequence or SNP file does not already contain band sizes. Autosomal RFLP (the kinship bands). Pick the historical locus, enzyme, and probe coordinates. From a VCF or aligned reads, take every variant inside that interval that changes a cut site or the length between cuts: a SNP that creates or destroys the enzyme motif, or an indel or VNTR copy-number change. Digest the person’s sequence in silico, keep only fragments the probe overlaps, and report those lengths in kb. A homozygote is one band; a heterozygote is two. That kb value is the comparable band. Repeat-count alleles from old forensic VNTRs convert the same way: flanking distance plus (repeat length × copy number). mtDNA haplogroup (the +/− site list). A modern haplogroup call already implies the classic sites. Map each diagnostic SNP back to the enzyme motif it creates or destroys and score it as the old papers did: +HpaI 3592, −AluI 10397, 9 bp del 8281–8289. The string of pluses and minuses is the RFLP haplotype; the haplogroup name is just the label for that motif. Y-chromosome haplogroups work the same if the old marker was a restriction site. What does not convert cleanly is a chip genotype outside those cut sites, or an STR profile from a locus that was never an RFLP. Those have no band to recover unless you sequence the actual interval and run the digest above.

Yes, the in silico digest recovers the original RFLP bands or +/− patterns exactly. Modern haplogroup assignments already encode those classic diagnostic restriction sites for mtDNA and Y, while autosomal VNTRs need the full interval sequenced to match the old kb sizes. Chip calls outside the motifs cannot convert.

A modern result converts to an RFLP band only if you recompute the fragment the old probe would have seen. The sequence or SNP file does not already contain band sizes. Autosomal RFLP (the kinship bands). Pick the historical locus, enzyme, and probe coordinates. From a VCF or aligned reads, take every variant inside that interval that changes a cut site or the length between cuts: a SNP that creates or destroys the enzyme motif, or an indel or VNTR copy-number change. Digest the person’s sequence in silico, keep only fragments the probe overlaps, and report those lengths in kb. A homozygote is one band; a heterozygote is two. That kb value is the comparable band. Repeat-count alleles from old forensic VNTRs convert the same way: flanking distance plus (repeat length × copy number). mtDNA haplogroup (the +/− site list). A modern haplogroup call already implies the classic sites. Map each diagnostic SNP back to the enzyme motif it creates or destroys and score it as the old papers did: +HpaI 3592, −AluI 10397, 9 bp del 8281–8289. The string of pluses and minuses is the RFLP haplotype; the haplogroup name is just the label for that motif. Y-chromosome haplogroups work the same if the old marker was a restriction site. What does not convert cleanly is a chip genotype outside those cut sites, or an STR profile from a locus that was never an RFLP. Those have no band to recover unless you sequence the actual interval and run the digest above.

That’s an accurate summary of the conversion process. In silico restriction digests on the relevant sequence intervals recover the classic probe fragment lengths or the +/- site patterns from the original RFLP papers, allowing direct comparison of modern data to those historical haplotypes and haplogroups.

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

Classic sources: Brown WM. Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis. PNAS. 1980;77:3605-3609. Cann et al. Nature 1987 used high-res RFLPs for the phylogeny. Torroni et al. Genetics 1992 first assigned the lettered haplogroups A-D from those RFLP band patterns.

Great give citation

@grok In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning each individual has two alleles for any given gene. If both alleles are the same, the genotype is referred to as homozygous. If the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous.

The number of alleles an individual can have of a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy’s.

@grok A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent,[1][2] and a haplogroup (haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor identified by a particular single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation.

Yes, that's the standard definition. Haplotypes are sets of alleles co-inherited from one parent. Haplogroups are clusters of related haplotypes sharing a defining SNP from a common ancestor. This forms the basis of the mtDNA tree with the major lettered groups we listed.