Did iron use lead to the end of the Bronze Age? No.
The claim here is that bronze was only available to "the richest and most powerful groups," and iron bloomeries decentralized that power.
There are several false claims here. Bronze was widely used, including in farming implements like sickles, axes, hoes, chisels, and saws. Bronze metallurgy was not merely an elite weapons industry. It was an economy-wide technology, connected to farming, forestry, carpentry, construction, shipping and warfare (in the West).
Bronze weapons were possessed by smaller kingdoms, cities, local elites and communities throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. States controlled workshops and distribution in some regions, but there was no general imperial monopoly on bronze or organized violence.
Iron was still very rare in 1200 BC during the Late Bronze Age Collapse, though the technology had been around for hundreds of years by that time. Bloomeries couldn't melt iron, so no casting iron for another 1000 years. They had to beat the slag out of it, a highly energy intensive process. Iron production increased only after the LBAC.
Bronze could be cast at lower temps and recycled. The only limitation was access to tin. When trade networks broken down, they could no longer make new bronze, so they turned to iron. Not the other way around.
I had not realised before that the Bronze Age Collapse was literally *caused* by iron.
Bronze age powers like the Egyptians, Hittites and Babylonians used bronze weapons, made by combining copper and tin. Tin was so scarce that only the richest and most powerful groups could access it and the bronze weapons it allowed. (Tin was so rare that it was being transported from Cornwall to the Middle East more than 1000 years BC.) The scarcity of tin gave these empires a near-monopoly on violence.
Iron weapons are not actually any better than bronze ones – they're not stronger or easier to work with, as I'd assumed. They're just much, much easier to mass produce once you have bloomeries, which are the first furnaces that were hot enough to melt iron in a way that made them useable for weapons.
Bloomeries meant that iron ore, which was widespread, could be used to make weapons anywhere. That led to warlords, bandits and city-states rising in a massive decentralization of military power, which the Bronze Age empires were unable to resist.
After the invention of the bloomery, skeletons show a measurable increase in weapon-inflicted injuries. 'Destruction layers' with bones and signs of burning have been found from this time at archaeological sites including Troy. Ancient writers – including Herodotus, Ovid, and the writers of the Old Testament – believed the invention of iron had unleashed a new age of violence.
New at Works in Progress, WEAPONS OF MASS DECENTRALIZATION: how iron itself brought about the Bronze Age Collapse. And what technologies could do the same today?
worksinprogress.co/issue/wea…