Of all the recent SOP guidance, I found the SBA Connect Calls to be the most helpful.
Here is a category-by-category summary from the presentation of aspects that truly matter when structuring a deal under SOP 50 10 8.1.
Buckle up... we're going full CVS receipt on this one.
Category 1: Initial Acquisition:
Initial Acquisition is the default category for 7(a) changes of ownership.
• Equity Injection: 10% of total project cost - not reducible
• Minimum DSC: 1.25 : 1
• Quality of Earnings Report: Required at business purchase price ≥ $3M.
Seller Transition: Mandatory exit, but if a transitional period is needed to assist the business, the small business may contract with the seller as a consultant for a period not to exceed 24months (increased from 12 months).
Category 2: Business Expansion:
An existing operating business purchases another business. To qualify for this category, the business must have been operating for two full fiscal years. Business Expansion generally provides the most flexibility of the change of ownership categories.
This flexibility is driven by the fact that debt associated with the acquisition is being supported by another operating company.
Category Specifics:
• DSC threshold of 1.15 : 1 - the only category below 1.25
• Equity injection may be reduced or eliminated
• Adjustments may be made on a combined-entity basis where the acquired business will operate independently
General Requirements:
• QoE with Cash Proof still required at BPP ≥ $3M
• Independent Qualified Source valuation still required
• Seller exit still required - consultant contract only
• 10-year maximum amortization still applies
Guaranty Structure:
• The distinguishing rule is the guarantor count: same or greater number of full personal guarantors post-transaction.
• When the business being acquired continues as a separate operating entity, both businesses must be Co-Borrowers.
Category 3: Owner Buyout
A transaction that modifies the ownership structure of the Applicant business and does not involve the acquisition of another entity or asset. At least one member of original ownership must remain in place and guarantee the loan, regardless of the percentage of ownership held post-sale.
This breaks down into two types:
Type 1: Existing Owner Buyout: Results in 100% ownership by the remaining original owner(s).
• Purchase: One or more current owners purchase the entire interest of another current owner. Here, the small business and acquiring owner(s) are co-borrowers.
• Redemption: The small business redeems an owner’s interest. Here, the small business is the borrower.
General Requirements:
• Equity base is the purchase price in the P&S agreement - not total project cost.
• 10% equity, reducible or eliminable on the liquidity and no negative net worth test.
• DSC 1.25 : 1 · no QoE for any purchase price - independent valuation still required at any size.
Type 2: Partial Change of Owner: At least one original owner remains AND personally guarantees.
• Proceeds fund all or a portion of one or more owners’ interest, or of the business itself - treasury stock or membership units.
• Every new direct or indirect owner is a Co-Borrower at any ownership percentage, including a 1% interest and including a holding company.
• Seller exit is NOT required: the seller may remain as an owner, officer, director, stockholder, Key Employee or employee.
A selling owner who receives loan proceeds and remains an owner below 20% must give a full guaranty for the full loan amount under 13 CFR 120.160(a), for at least two years after final disbursement, on SBA Form 148L or lender equivalent. These two-year guarantors are not required to pledge personal assets in a collateral shortfall. All 20% or more owners must provide full guaranties for the life of the loan.
Category 4: ESOP & Cooperative
An ESOP or equivalent trust, or a cooperative, purchasing a controlling interest of 51 percent or more in the employer small business.
Structure and processing:
• Includes the structure where a small business borrows for the sole purpose of re-lending to the ESOP or trust to acquire the controlling interest.
• Cooperative controlling-interest purchases may be processed under PLP authority.
• Where an SBA loan is used to purchase a business owned by a dissolving ESOP, the employee-owners may remain as employees notwithstanding other SOP provisions.
Uses of Proceeds:
• Allowed - transaction costs associated with the purchase of the controlling interest
• Not allowed - cost of setting up the trust or the cooperative
Credit Standards:
• Equity injection: purchases of a controlling interest of at least 51% are exempt - required injection is $0
• QoE: not required for any purchase price
• DSC: 1.25 : 1
• 10-year maximum amortization applies
The seller guaranty is statutory and non-waivable: where the seller of the employer small business remains a partial owner, the seller must provide a full, unlimited guaranty regardless of ownership percentage - 15 U.S.C. 636(a)(15)(B)(iv)(II).
The biggest takeaway, to me, is that lenders and business buyers alike need to first ask themselves which category the deal is in.
One you know that answer, the rest of the analysis flows from there.
This CVS receipt might actually come in handy...
*** This is based on what we know at this time. The new SOP is not effective until October 1, 2026 and it is not uncommon for the SBA to release commentary or technical corrections.