Despite their frequent use, opioids have limited benefits in managing noncancer pain (seen in figure). For acute musculoskeletal pain, opioids have a small mean effect in reducing pain (a decrease of <10 points on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 indicating no pain and 100 worst pain) relative to placebo in the first days, have no effect after the first week, and are probably associated with a small increase in pain after 12 weeks. On the basis of evidence with very low to moderate certainty, opioids have no effect on physical function. For chronic noncancer pain, opioids have a small effect on pain reduction relative to placebo in the short-to-medium term (seen in figure) and either a small effect or an effect similar to that with placebo on other clinical outcomes (e.g., physical function and quality of life). The effects of opioids relative to placebo for chronic pain beyond 6 months are unknown.
The lack of evidence on the long-term benefits of opioids, the similar effectiveness of opioids and nonopioids on some pain conditions, and the dose-dependent relationship of opioid-related harm together suggest that avoiding long-term opioid use, reducing the opioid dose, or replacing opioids with nonopioid alternatives may reduce the risk of opioid-related harm.
Learn more in the Clinical Practice article “Opioid Deprescribing in Patients with Noncancer Pain” by Chung-Wei Christine Lin, PhD, and Aili V. Langford, PhD:
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ALT A figure showing the effects of opioids, as compared with placebo, on pain intensity from meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials involving adults.