The World Isn’t Ready to Wean Itself Off QE.
The global debt problem, and rising rates across the West, reflect a simple fact: the world cannot wean itself off quantitative easing right now. Ending QE may be the goal, but central bankers seem to be missing the nuance: withdrawing support from bond markets while debt and borrowing needs remain so high can push yields up sharply. Yes, Central Bankers are the problem once again.
Before the Federal Reserve claims that America’s AI investment boom has lifted the neutral rate of interest, it should answer a more basic question: why are long-term borrowing costs rising across economies with no comparable AI capex boom?
For more than a decade, central banks suppressed bond yields by buying trillions of dollars of government debt and removing duration risk from private markets. Now they are shrinking their balance sheets, allowing bonds to mature and, in some cases, actively selling holdings. Private investors must absorb a vastly larger supply of duration just as governments are issuing more debt.
That growing supply puts downward pressure on bond prices and because bond prices and yields move in opposite directions, upward pressure on yields.
This is a global term-premium shock.
Japan, Britain, Germany, France, Canada and Australia are all dealing with the same forces: persistent fiscal deficits, expanding sovereign-debt supply, quantitative tightening, defence spending, energy security, industrial policy and reduced central-bank demand for long bonds. They do not share America’s hyperscaler-driven data-centre boom. Yet their yields are rising too.
AI may add marginally to demand for capital. It does not explain a broad global repricing of sovereign debt.
History offers a warning against confusing capex with a durable increase in the neutral rate. Japan’s 1980s investment boom produced immense corporate expansion, property development and industrial capacity. The ultimate result was not a permanently higher r*, but excess capital, falling returns, deflation and decades of near-zero rates.
China repeated the lesson at greater scale. It built cities, ports, factories, power systems and housing on an unprecedented scale. Debt surged. But as the return on incremental property and infrastructure investment declined, so did the country’s neutral rate.
The lesson is elementary: investment spending is not synonymous with productive investment.
A data-centre arms race can raise demand for chips, electricity, construction labour and financing while it lasts. It can also create duplicated capacity, rapid depreciation and weak returns. The neutral rate rises only when the marginal product of capital rises sustainably across the whole economy.
Until that is demonstrated, AI capex is an observable boom. A higher neutral rate is an assumption. Sometimes an apple is just an apple: with global debt already excessive, the world needs quantitative easing. I’m sorry.
The more immediate explanation for higher global yields is simpler: governments are borrowing heavily while central banks collectively retreat from the bond market. Sometimes an Apple is just an Apple.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis President Neel Kashkari sees the US economy growing, and that the central bank “will do what we need to do to get inflation back down to our target"
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