Traditions in the West.
On the left we have a strand that runs from Rousseau through Robesspire and Saint-Juste and through Marxist-Leninism to Stalin, who had of course stopped any pretense at being for “the people” or the helping the hand of history and exemplified nothing more than the will to power. It ends with the Gulag.
On the right we have a tradition that marries attachment to authoritarianism (the pre-reformation church; monarchy) with the Romantic response to the enlightenment, which gave rise to the identitarian politics of the right, including nationalism, nativism and ultimately fascism. Again, it ends with the naked will to power. It ends with Auschwitz.
Then there is the liberal tradition, with a small “l”. Conservatives, social democrats, many western socialists and of course liberals with a big “L” belong to this tradition, which draws a belief in reason from the enlightenment and a belief in the uniqueness of individuals from Romanticism. This is the tradition that gives us the US Revolution, rather than the French version. It’s the tradition that gives us respect for reason, human rights, separation of powers, market economics, the welfare state (broadly defined) and universal franchise. It’s the tradition that gives us much of South Africa’s constitution, too.
That third tradition is the one that has delivered freedom and prosperity to the West, and for those non-western countries (South Korea, Japan, etc) that have embraced the universal values on which it is founded. And it is the tradition that needs defending now, from both anti-democratic, authoritarian left and ethno-nationalist, authoritarian right. It needs defending in the West, but also right here in South Africa.
This tradition is of course not without its own faults as the history of colonialism shows. Or as the person of Thomas Jefferson reveals. But as Barack Obama put it, it is in this tradition that the arc of history bends towards justice. The other two traditions, not so much.
So when people say they are defending “western civilization” it helps to be clear about which tradition they mean. One of those traditions needs urgent support. The other two need to be defeated, again.
And in South Africa you don’t do that by pitting your ethno-nationalism against someone else’s, or your nativism against someone else’s. You do it by holding the centre: individual rights, separation of powers, democracy, a market economy, a welfare safety net, due process, a dollop of respect for humanity. Basic human decency.
That’s how you stand up for civilization.