Shankar Balasubramanian is the 2026 Wolf prize Laureates in Chemistry. Huge congratulations to him and a proud moment for all of us.
On a warm evening in August 1997, four chemists sat down at a pub in Cambridge. They had no conference room, no funding and no company, only a half-formed idea.
Today, the technology that grew from that evening sits beneath more than 90% of the world's DNA sequencing data.
Shankar Balasubramanian was born in Madras on 30 September 1966. A year later his parents moved to England, to a rural patch of Cheshire near Runcorn. He spent his summers as a laborer on a neighbouring farm. And he dreamed of something that had nothing to do with chemistry: playing football for Liverpool FC.
Instead, his path led to Cambridge, where he took a degree in natural sciences in 1988 and a PhD in enzyme chemistry in 1991. Then came a postdoc at Penn State, and in 1994, a return to Cambridge to start his own research.
Just outside Cambridge, the Sanger Institute was busy with one of the largest projects in the history of biology: reading the human genome for the first time. The international effort ran from 1990 to 2003, and took about 13 years and billions of dollars.
Balasubramanian and fellow chemist David Klenerman were not thinking about any of that. They were studying DNA polymerase, the enzyme that copies DNA, by watching it work under a laser.
Then, on 26 August 1997, Balasubramanian invited Klenerman and two postdocs, Mark Osborne and Colin Barnes, to what he called a "beer summit" at his local, the Panton Arms. He often held meetings there, joking that the Chemistry department had no conference rooms and his office was too small.
Over that evening's drinks, an idea came together. What if each of the four building blocks of DNA were tagged with its own colour? Then you could simply watch a strand being built, one coloured flash at a time. And what if you did it not once, but on a chip, for billions of fragments at the same moment?
Years later, Balasubramanian looked back through his 1997 diary. Next to the line "meeting Klenerman & Co", he had written three words: "the Solexa idea!"
In November 1997 the two went to a firm of venture capitalists. Balasubramanian carried four overhead transparencies. His claim was staggering: this method could make sequencing 10,000-100,000x faster and cheaper.
They founded the company Solexa in 1998. Nine years later, in 2007, Illumina acquired it for $650 million. Along the way came the first commercial machine in 2006, and in 2008 the first African genome sequenced with the technology, in a Nature paper with about a hundred authors. The pub's regulars were among them.
In 2026, Balasubramanian, Klenerman and the French scientist Pascal Mayer were awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry. The citation credits their work with a million-fold improvement in sequencing speed and cost, bringing the price of a human genome to under $200.
In a Cambridge University feature on their story, Balasubramanian recalls a promise he once made at the Panton Arms: "I once told the landlord that I'll make him very famous one day."