No classical education, no America…
When Alexander Hamilton entered King’s College (now Columbia University) in 1773, he was expected to have a mastery of Greek and Latin grammar, be able to read three orations from Cicero and Vergil’s Aeneid in the original Latin, and be able to translate the first ten chapters of the Gospel of John from Greek into Latin.
Thomas Jefferson received early training in Latin, Greek, and French, and then continued his formal education at a classical academy in preparation for attending the College of William and Mary, where his classical education continued, along with his study of law.
When James Madison applied at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton), he had already read Vergil, Horace, Justinian, Caesar, Tacitus, Lucretius, Phaedrus, Herodotus, Thucydides, and Plato.
John Adams received a classical education before entering Harvard College at the age of sixteen, where Greek and Latin were central components of the curriculum. His education immersed him in the literature, history, rhetoric, and political thought of the ancient world, and classical authors and examples continued to appear throughout his writings on republican government and constitutionalism.
John Jay entered King’s College (now Columbia University) at the age of fourteen. Like other students at the college, he received a classical education centered on Latin and Greek, alongside rhetoric, logic, philosophy, mathematics, and political subjects. Jay would later become president of the Continental Congress, co-author of The Federalist, the first Chief Justice of the United States, and one of the young republic’s most important diplomats.
John Hancock attended Boston Latin School before entering Harvard College. Boston Latin, founded on the model of the English grammar school, placed classical languages at the heart of its curriculum and prepared its students for the heavily classical course of study they would encounter at Harvard.
Gouverneur Morris, one of the most influential delegates at the Constitutional Convention and the man principally responsible for the final wording and style of the Constitution, was educated at King’s College. There he participated in the same classical educational tradition that formed John Jay and, later, Alexander Hamilton, studying within a curriculum grounded in Greek and Latin literature, rhetoric, philosophy, and history.
James Wilson, a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and later one of the first justices of the Supreme Court, was educated at the universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, and Edinburgh in Scotland before emigrating to America. His education exposed him to the classical tradition as well as the Scottish Enlightenment, influences that would later appear in his extensive writings and lectures on law and government.
John Dickinson, the influential revolutionary statesman known as the “Penman of the Revolution,” received a classical education before studying law. His education and later legal training placed him within the same intellectual tradition in which ancient history, classical republicanism, rhetoric, and the study of earlier political systems provided essential material for thinking about liberty and constitutional government.
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, entered the College of New Jersey at thirteen and graduated at fourteen. His education included the classical languages and literature expected of eighteenth-century collegiate students before he went on to study medicine in Philadelphia and at the University of Edinburgh.
Benjamin Franklin was an important variation on this pattern. Unlike Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Jay, and many of the other founders, his formal schooling ended when he was young. Yet through an extraordinary program of self-education he immersed himself in history, philosophy, rhetoric, science, and literature, acquiring through independent study much of the intellectual culture that his contemporaries encountered through formal schooling.
Other key figures in the American founding received similar educations.