In Western populations, dietary availability of n-6 short-chain PUFAs increased substantially over the 20th century, while intake of n-3 short- and long-chain PUFAs declined, with average oily fish consumption in the UK estimated to be ∼40% below recommended levels (33, 34). Furthermore, this pattern is no longer confined to Western societies, as dietary “westernization” is increasingly observed globally (35, 36). Consequently, many contemporary dietary patterns globally are characterized by relatively high intakes of n-6 PUFAs, particularly linoleic acid, driven in part by widespread use of vegetable oils such as soybean oil in ultra-processed foods (35), alongside greater consumption of red meat and dairy products, compared with the dietary pattern on which humans evolved. In contrast, dietary patterns rich in fish, legumes, fruit, and vegetables, such as the Mediterranean diet, are higher in n-3 PUFAs and are associated with a range of beneficial health effects (37, 38).