Fifty years ago today: the founding of one of the 20th century’s most important anti-communist movements for freedom
The Workers’ Defence Committee, known by its Polish initials KOR, became one of the 20th century’s most consequential movements for freedom under communist rule. In Poland it created an independent public sphere and widened the space for political debate, publishing and civic organisation, without calling for violent revolution.
Mateusz Fałkowski (
@mfxyz), deputy director of the Pilecki Institute in Berlin, calls KOR “one of Poland’s best political ideas of the 20th century” in an article marking its 50th anniversary in Tygodnik Powszechny. His account tells the story in far greater detail than this post can:
tygodnikpowszechny.pl/50-lat…
KOR’s influence outlasted its early years. The networks and independent institutions that grew around it later strengthened Solidarność, the independent trade union. They also helped the democratic opposition offer a political alternative in the partly free elections of 1989 and beyond. Poland’s challenge to totalitarian rule attracted attention abroad, too.
On September 23rd 1976, 14 people published an “Appeal to Society and the Authorities of the Polish People’s Republic”, announcing KOR’s formation. Jerzy Andrzejewski, a writer, sent the appeal and a notice of the committee’s creation to the speaker of the Sejm, Poland’s parliament.
The immediate cause was the brutal repression of workers who had protested against price rises that June in Radom, Ursus and Płock. Many lost their jobs; others received prison sentences or fines. The signatories demanded that dismissed workers be reinstated, that those imprisoned or convicted over the protests be granted an amnesty, that the full extent of the repression be disclosed and that officials responsible for abuses be held to account.
Even before KOR was founded, people from different walks of life had raised money for the workers and their families and arranged legal and medical help. The committee carried on that work. Its volunteers accompanied workers to court, documented abuses by the authorities and circulated news of them. They published their own names, addresses and telephone numbers, along with details of how donations were spent.
KOR brought together people of different generations and political traditions, among them Jan Józef Lipski, Jacek Kuroń and Antoni Macierewicz. “Macierewicz and Kuroń really did work together then,” writes Fałkowski. Anyone familiar with Polish politics today will grasp the force of that observation. Politics needs argument, but it also requires people to work across divides. KOR’s history is a reminder of that in a polarised age. The movement owed as much to the daily efforts of a broad circle of helpers as it did to the ideas of its best-known figures.
KOR also brought intellectuals and workers together. According to a familiar, though increasingly contested, account, the two groups had largely protested separately in earlier years: students and intellectuals in 1968, workers in 1970. KOR drew a practical lesson from that experience. Acting together could overcome the isolation from which the regime had repeatedly benefited.
The committee reflected a deeper shift in the opposition’s thinking. In the 1950s and 1960s many of its future leading figures had still hoped to reform Marxism and the socialist system along democratic lines. As the historian of ideas Dariusz Gawin has shown in his book Wielki zwrot, they gradually abandoned that hope. In its place came a defence of universal human and civil rights, a belief in civil society and an emphasis on people organising for themselves.
At much the same time, the French philosopher André Glucksmann and other nouveaux philosophes were turning away from their earlier Marxist and Maoist convictions. Rather than pursue an absolute good, they argued for confronting specific forms of evil. Resistance to oppression and violence mattered more than designing a perfect political system. There are intellectual parallels here with both KOR and Charter 77.
Seen in the history of ideas, KOR brought together the ethical idealism of Poland’s romantic tradition and a sober political realism. Its members retained demanding moral principles while, in the circumstances they faced, forgoing an immediate revolutionary struggle for power. They defended pockets of freedom, helped the persecuted and built independent civic institutions step by step.
After an amnesty for those persecuted over the June 1976 protests, KOR became the Social Self-Defence Committee “KOR” in September 1977. People in its orbit helped establish independent journals, publishers and educational initiatives. The networks and experience they gained later proved important to Solidarność.
What can KOR teach us today?
Fałkowski offers five lessons. First, authoritarian systems and democracies alike need people willing to go against the grain. Second, the cooperation of figures as politically different as Kuroń and Macierewicz shows that shared responsibility can cross deep divides, a reason to reflect on polarisation and the tone of political debate today.
Third, KOR raises a question for today’s middle class: is it willing to give its time and energy to justice, social solidarity and people in more vulnerable positions? Fourth, its history shows the value of diverse independent initiatives, whose productive rivalry can yield new ways of acting.
Fifth, politics requires imagination. Drawing on Hannah Arendt, Fałkowski argues that KOR’s founders understood something others did not: helping the persecuted and enabling society to organise itself could change the rules of politics.
For Fałkowski, KOR’s legacy therefore poses a question for the present. Can people who disagree still take responsibility for others together?
Mateusz Fałkowski’s words quoted from Tygodnik Powszechny have been translated from Polish.
Clip: TVP Info, September 2022.