For all those advocating, a la General Curtis LeMay's advocacy to "bomb them back to the Stone Age", especially Hanoi, I invite you to review the semi-annual Pentagon/ State Department SIGMA wargames conducted 1962 through 1967. The U.S. NEVER won any of the SIGMA wargames run by the Joint War Games Agency/Joint Staff in the Pentagon from ~1962 to 1967, with participation from State Department, CIA, Defense, and senior officials.
The wargames involved Blue (US/South Vietnam) vs. Red (North Vietnam/Viet Cong, sometimes with Chinese/Soviet sub-teams) teams,
Hanoi was not always treated as the decisive enemy center of gravity. Blue teams often assumed bombing North Vietnam could coerce the regime or starve the southern fight.
Wargame outcomes repeatedly undercut this. North Vietnam’s agrarian, resilient economy needed only modest supplies to sustain the southern fight. Bombing stiffened rather than broke resolve. The Viet Cong could choose when/where to fight and use sanctuaries; Chinese/Soviet reactions and US domestic opinion mattered more.
In Sigma II-64 (September 1964, post-Tonkin Gulf), Blue intensified bombing plus added Haiphong mining, targeting airfields, bridges and industrial targets). LeMay advocated such a sixteen-day campaign but the SIGMA II-64 wargame showed escalation spiraled without decisive effect and stiffened resistance. The participants expected increased USAF and USN losses would sour U.S. public opinion and decrease popular support. (At that time, North Vietnam had 2,400 antiaircraft guns but only 22 early warning radars. In early 1965, the North's antiaircraft guns increased to 2,100 AAA guns and surface to air missile batteries began arriving.