That above the Western Wall is a Muslim shrine standing atop the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, controlled by the Islamic Waqf while protected by the Israeli government, is mind boggling.
BTW, Muslims are given preferred access. Christians and Jews only limited access.
A few days ago, I tried to enter the Dome of the Rock. The guard saw the Star of David around my neck and stopped me. “Only Muslims allowed,” he explained.
It made me want to write about the site itself, because most people, Muslims included, don’t actually know why it’s called the Dome of the Rock, what it has to do with Al-Aqsa, or why the same rock sits at the center of two very different stories.
Why is it called the Dome of the Rock?
The name comes from a bare stone — the Foundation Stone — enclosed beneath the golden dome. Both Muslim and Jewish tradition consider this rock holy, but for entirely different reasons.
✋ A. In Muslim tradition
• The Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque are two separate buildings. The Dome of the Rock is a shrine, built to enclose and honor the rock; it has no minbar and was never built for congregational prayer. Al-Aqsa is the actual mosque, a separate structure at the southern end of the same compound, completed years later.
• The link between this rock and the Isra and Mi’raj (Muhammad’s night journey and ascension) comes from hadith and later Islamic tradition — not from the Quran itself. Quran 17:1 mentions a night journey to “al-Masjid al-Aqsa” (“the farthest mosque”) but does not name Jerusalem anywhere. That identification was made decades after Muhammad’s death.
• The identification of the Quranic “farthest mosque” with Jerusalem has been contested since Islam’s earliest centuries. Al-Waqidi, an 8th-century historian, described Muhammad stopping at two sanctuaries near Mecca — al-masjid al-aqsa and al-masjid al-adna — during his return from the Battle of Hunayn, which modern skeptics cite as the term’s original, pre-Jerusalem meaning. Ibn Taymiyyah (14th century), by contrast, fully affirmed Jerusalem as the location of the Night Journey; his objections targeted later devotional excesses around visiting Jerusalem, not the identification itself. In modern history, Egyptian intellectual Youssef Ziedan revived al-Waqidi’s account in 2015, a position echoed since by researchers like Suleiman al-Tarawneh and Osama Yamani. It remains the mainstream Islamic belief, but it is tradition, not Quranic text or archaeology.
• The Dome of the Rock was built by Caliph Abd al-Malik, completed in 691–692 CE — after Islam had already spread across the region and needed to establish its own sacred geography in Jerusalem.
• Important detail: Abd al-Malik was the Umayyad caliph based in Damascus. At the time, Mecca was controlled by a rival caliph, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, during the civil war known as the Second Fitna. A long-standing historical theory holds that Abd al-Malik elevated Jerusalem as an alternative pilgrimage site because his own subjects in Syria and Iraq couldn’t perform Hajj in Mecca while it was in his rival’s hands.
✋ B. In Jewish tradition
• The rock is identified as the Even HaShtiya, the Foundation Stone, traditionally the point from which creation began, and the site of the Holy of Holies in the First and Second Temples.
• Excavations in the City of David, just south of the site, have uncovered First Temple-period structures, seals (bullae) bearing Hebrew names, and administrative artifacts confirming a major Israelite capital on this exact spot centuries before Islam existed.
• The Temple Mount Sifting Project, which has sifted soil removed from the Mount itself, has recovered First and Second Temple-period pottery, seals, arrowheads, and opus sectile floor tiles matching Josephus’s description of Herod’s Temple.
• The visible retaining walls, including the Western Wall, are Herodian-era construction, dated by archaeologists to the Second Temple period centuries before Islam’s founding.
• Unlike the Isra and Mi’raj, which rests on tradition, the Jewish connection to this site is anchored in physical remains, contemporaneous written sources like Josephus, and continuous religious practice recorded over three millennia.